International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research

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Get Permission Latha P, Ravi, and Sadaria: Study of TSH and prolactin in PCOS subjects: A case control study


Introduction

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age group and is the leading cause of female infertility.1 The rate of prevalence of PCOS varies between 5 to 10%.2 According to ESHRE/ASRM consensus workshop at Rotterdam in 2003, the diagnosis of PCOS is based on the presence of any two of (1) chronic anovulation, (2) clinical/ biochemical parameters for hyperandrogenism, and (3) polycystic ovaries on ultrasonography.3

The exact pathogenic mechanism of PCOS is unknown. There are many hypothesis concerning the causes of PCOS development and the concurrent existence of many interdependent disorders.4 Among the hormonal disorders of female reproductive system number of problems result from aberrant dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. These relatively often lead to infertility.

Thyroid dysfunction is known to interfere with several aspects of reproduction and pregnancy. Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in females along with subclinical thyroid dysfunction have been found to be associated with anovulatory cycles, decreased fecundity and increased morbidity during pregnancy.5, 6, 7

Pituitary hormones such as TSH, prolactin or growth hormone may act synergistically with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) to enhance the entry of non growing follicles into growth phase.8

The final common pathway for TSH & prolactin secretion is the thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the secretion of both TSH & Prolactin.9 TRH is under negative feedback control of TSH through a short negative feedback loop, any increase in TSH will decrease the release of TRH which in turn will inhibit the secretion of prolactin & will also normalise the TSH levels.

Hyperprolactinemia also adversely affects the fertility potential by impairing pulsatile secretion of GnRH & hence interfering with ovulation.5, 10

Several studies have suggested hyperprolactinemia & thyroid dysfunction in PCOS. Measurement of prolactin and thyroid hormones, especially thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), has been considered an important component of infertility work up in women, especially those presenting with menstrual irregularities.

Materials and Methods

The study was carried out on 30 PCOS subjects in the age group of 18 to 35 years and 30 voluntary age and BMI matched healthy women with normal menstrual cycle as controls. The study was conducted at Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences & Hospital. The diagnosis of PCOS was fulfilled as per Rotterdam criteria. Presence of at least two criteria from clinical, hormonal and abdominal USG category was considered diagnostic of PCOS. Patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, renal and liver failure, thyroid disorders and other endocrine disorders and patients receiving hormonal/non-hormonal treatment for PCOS were excluded from the study. The institutional ethical committee approved the study protocol.

Informed consent was obtained from all the participants

A pre-structured and pre-tested proforma was used to collect the data. Baseline data including age, BMI, detailed medical history, clinical examinations and relevant investigations were included as part of the methodology. Serum TSH and prolactin were measured in all participants from blood samples collected after 12 hours of fasting. Serum TSH and prolactin were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Elecsys 2010 analyzer, Roche Diagnostics).

Statistical analysis

SPSS software version 13.0 was used for statistical analysis. Comparisons between groups were performed using the Mann-Whitney test. Correlation analysis between serum TSH and prolactin were done using Spearman’s rank order correlation coefficients. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Results on continuous measurements are presented as Mean ± SD. The basic characteristics and the mean distributions of biochemical parameters are depicted in Table 1 of the cases and controls. There was no significant difference in age between two groups. Slightly higher mean was recorded in TSH and prolactin in cases than in controls but the difference in mean between the two groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Correlation of TSH with prolactin is depicted in Table 2. No significant correlation could be found between TSH and prolactin in cases (r= 0.270, p = 0.149) or controls (r = - 0.110, p = 0.564) which is shown in Figure 1, Figure 2.

Table 1

Mean distribution of biochemical parameters in PCOS cases & controls

Parameters

Cases

Controls

P value

Age

23.37 ± 4.09

23.73 ± 3.81

0.744

BMI

24.00±4.41

22.51±2.31

0.126

Serum TSH

2.76 ± 1.14

2.53 ± 1.54

0.311

Serum prolactin

14.08±6.87

10.78±6.72

0.065

Table 2

Correlation between parameters

Parameters

Cases

Controls

r value

p value

r value

p value

TSH and Prolactin

0.270*

0.149

-0.110*

0.564

Figure 1
https://typeset-prod-media-server.s3.amazonaws.com/article_uploads/db00a3de-0821-45f3-9e60-cb84877ee820/image/c764b8b8-8135-42cf-b5f3-a510e1bf1945-uimage.png

Figure 2
https://typeset-prod-media-server.s3.amazonaws.com/article_uploads/db00a3de-0821-45f3-9e60-cb84877ee820/image/12bb7bd2-c4c7-4ab9-941f-a4b4d4ec2139-uimage.png

Discussion

The consequences of the polycystic ovary syndrome extend beyond the reproductive axis; women with the disorder are at substantial risk for the development of metabolic, endocrine and cardiovascular abnormalities.11

In our study higher TSH mean was recorded in cases compared to controls. This was consistent with study done by D.I Conway et al.12 and Janssen et al.13 who documented a high mean level of TSH in PCOS patients.

Studies showing mild hyperprolactinemia has been reported in 5% to 30% of patients with PCOS. In present study, higher mean prolactin was recorded in PCOS women compared to controls but statistically insignificant (P≥0.05). This finding was consistent with Ansam, Sodabeh et al. and Sunita et al.3, 14, 15 This increased prolactin may augment adrenal androgen secretion by the inhibition of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity or, less often, through selective action on the sulfation of DHEA in adrenal or extra-adrenal sites. However, prolactin inhibits FSH-induced ovarian aromatase, leading to intraovarian hyperandrogenemia.16 On the other hand, there is no evidence of a pathophysiological connection between PCOS and hyperprolactinemia which signifies that the presentation of the latter in an individual with PCOS ought to be due to other pathology and should encourage etiological investigations.11 Contradictory to this study done by Sunitha Tirumala Shetty et al concluded that there is significant influence of hypothyroidism over serum prolactin levels which contributes to decrease in gonadotropins leading to primary infertility.3

Author Sharma Priyanka et al/, Chandan K Nath et al. has concluded a negative correlation between serum TSH and Prolactin levels in infertile subjects, correlating with our study.8, 17

Conclusion

Though hyperprolactinemia & thyroid dysfunction is found in other studies, in our study serum TSH and PRL level were within normal range. Further studies with larger number of PCOS subjects will be beneficial. Since higher TSH and PRL means were found in cases, it can be used has screening test in PCOS subjects.

Source of Funding

Self-funding was done for the study.

Conflict of Interest

None.

Ethics Approval

The Institutional Ethics Committee approval was obtained from KIMS Institutional Ethics committee, Bangalore.

References

1 

S Ramanand J Ramanand S Jain G Raparti R Ghanghas N Halasawadekar Leptin in non PCOS and PCOS women: a comparative studyInt J Basic Clin Pharmacol2014311869310.5455/2319-2003.ijbcp20140224

2 

S Tirumalasetty Clinical study of thyrotropin and prolactin levels in women with primary infertilityIJPRBS20132310713

3 

The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS consensus workshop group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)Hum Reprod200419417

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B Banaszewska RZ Spaczyński M Pelesz L Pawelczyk Incidence of elevated LH/FSH ratio in polycystic ovary syndrome women with normo- and hyperinsulinemiaRocz Akad Med Bialymst2003481314

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K Poppe B Velkeniers Thyroid disorders in infertile womenAnn Endocrinol20036414550

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Sharma Priyanka Prasad Suvarna &amp; Tangri Nitin J Pharm Biomed Sci20133030902907

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ME Freeman B Kanyicska A Lerant G Nagy Prolactin: Structure, Function, and Regulation of SecretionPhysiol Rev200080415233110.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1523

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U Zollner K Lanig T Steck J Dietl Assessment of endocrine status in patients undergoing in-vitro fertilization treatmentArch Gynecol Obstet20012651162010.1007/s004040000110

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G Robin S Catteau-Jonard J Young D Dewailly Physiopathological link between polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperprolactinemia: myth or reality?Gynecol Obstet Fertil20113931415

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D Conway CM Glazener N Kelly MG Hull Routine Measurement of Thyroid Hormones & FSH in infertility not worthwhileLancet198532584359778

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OE Janssen N Mehlmauer S Hahn AH Offner R Gartner High prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in patients with polycystic ovary syndromeEur J Endocrinol20041503363910.1530/eje.0.1500363

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AA Al-Bayatti Insulin resistance and upper-body obesity in polycystic ovary syndromeMiddle East Fertil Soc J20061132029

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S Zandi S Farajzadeh H Safari Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women with acne: hormone profiles and clinical findingsJ Pak Assoc Dermatol2010201948

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Roy George K Malini N A The prevalence and etiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) as a cause of female infertility in central TravancoreThe bioscan201491106

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CK Nath B Barman A Das P Rajkhowa P Baruah M Baruah Prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone affecting the pattern of LH/FSH secretion in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: A hospital-based study from North East IndiaJ Family Med Prim Care20198125660



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Article type

Original Article


Article page

62-65


Authors Details

Latha P, B V Ravi, Roshni Sadaria


Article History

Received : 20-01-2021

Accepted : 31-03-2021


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