- Visibility 40 Views
- Downloads 3 Downloads
- DOI 10.18231/j.ijcbr.2021.042
-
CrossMark
Adaptogens as anti-stress agents in reducing increased plasma cortisol level during stress
Introduction
Adaptogens are natural substances found only in a few rare plants and herbs that normalize body functions, strengthen systems and functions compromised by stress and have a protective effect against a wide variety of environmental and emotional stress. Ultimately, they are proposed to reduce chronic stress and fatigue through the adaptation of stress. Adaptogens have been around in Chinese functional medicine and Indian Ayurveda medicine since ancient times.[1] They became more popular during world war II when Russian scientists were looking to improve soldiers stamina through herbal medicine.[2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]
Adaptogens are similar to catecholamines, neurotransmitters involved in stress situations. Common catecholamines are adrenaline, epinephrine, dopamine and norepinephrine. Since, adaptogens are mild stressors the theory is that they build the body’s immunity up to be able to adapt and control future severe and moderate stress situations. These stress-protective effects mainly help the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and SAS system. They are responsible for controlling the body’s stress responses during times of stress – mental health disorders, traumatic injury, exercise, eating disorders, surgery, malnutrition and low blood sugar amongst other conditions.[10] Adaptogenic drugs are found in the most diverse families, they are distinctly different in their pattern of constituents.
Adaptogens work naturally to help regulate proper levels of stress-induced hormones and maintain healthy, balanced metabolic function.[11]
Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) is an adaptogenic herb, one of the primary botanicals used in Ayurvedic medicine to modulate a physiological stress response and to increase adaptive energy. Traditional Ayurvedic use for anti-stress activity has been verified by numerous animal clinical studies.[12], [13] A variety of studies have shown sacred basil to support the health of the cardiovascular, immune and digestive systems acting as an effective remedy to help ease stress-related conditions, including hypertension, lowering cortisol levels, mood disorders and peptic ulcers.[12], [14], [13], [15]
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) has antibacterial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. A separate study also showed immunomodulatory (harmonizes immune function) effects, including a positive effect on the central nervous system. These tests show strong anti-stress actions, increasing memory and learning capabilities.[16] The active constituents of Withania somnifera have been shown to reduce or modulate increased levels of circulating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the concurrent increase in glucocorticoid levels (cortisol) to normal levels which may protect the body from the deleterious effects of chronic stress.[17], [18], [19], [20]
Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) is used in a vast range of diseases. Brahmi is one of the best nervine tonic and is widely used in treating epilepsy, hysteria etc. Bhahmi acts as a powerful brain food, and is known for its ability to enhance mind power.[21], [22] It supports and improves all aspects of mental functioning including comprehension, memory and recollection.[23], [24], [21], [22] It is important because it also enhances crucial coordination of these three aspects of mental functioning. As it increases the ability to solve problems effectively, Brahmi is often used in formulas to help relieve and prevent stress.[25], [26], [27], [28]
Materials and Methods
Plant material leaves of Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera and roots of Bacopa monnieri were collected, dried in shade, and finely powdered. The powder was soaked in absolute ethanol (95%) and left for 48 hours. The supernatant was collected and the residue was further soaked in absolute ethanol (95%) for 24 hours. The supernatant was collected and filtered. The filtrate was subjected to Rotavapour extraction at a temperature below 60oC for 24 hours. The concentrated form of the extract was obtained and freeze-dried.
The study was conducted on healthy, adult, male albino mice having a body
weight of 35 + 5 g. They were acclimatized to laboratory condition for 2 weeks prior to experimentation. Animals were housed in propylene cages (6 mice/cage) in a mice experimentation laboratory at a temperature of 25oC + 2oC with 12 – 12 h dark - light cycle. They were provided with standard food and water ad libitum. Institutional animal ethical committee (I.A.E.C) approval was obtained before the experiment and care was taken to handle the mice in humane manner. All the chemicals used in the present study were obtained from Euro Diagnostics (Mumbai, India), India Scientific Company (Patna, Bihar) and Bihar Scientific Corporation (Patna, Bihar).
Experimental
The adult animals (8 weeks old) were divided into 4 groups (n = 6 in each group) as follows: Group I consisted of Normal control (NC), these mice remained undisturbed in the home cage throughout the experimental period. Group II consisted of Stress control (SC), which were fed with equivolume of distilled water orally for 7 days. Group III (Stress+P.ginseng) consisted the standard group, these mice were fed with aqueous root powder of Panax ginseng (p.o) for 7 days.
Group IV consisted of (Stress+O.sanctum), (Stress+W.somnifera), (Stress+B.monnieri) treatment group which were fed with ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera, Bacopa monnieri (p.o) for 7 days.
Stress procedure
Swim endurance test
The mice in group IV were given ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum 47 mg/kg (p.o), for 7 days. The standard group (III) was administered water soluble root powder of Panax ginseng 100 mg/kg (p.o), while the stress control group (II) was administered distilled water orally, for 7 days.
On the 8thday, the animals were allowed to swim till exhausted in a propylene tank of dimension 24 cm* 17 cm* 14 cm, filled with water to a height of 10 cm. The end point was taken when the animals drowned and ‘swimming time’ for each animal was noted. The mean swimming time for each group was calculated and the data was statistically analyzed (Kumar et al., 1999).
Cold restraint stress
The mice in group IV were given ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum 47 mg/kg, Withania somnifera 23 mg/kg, Bacopa monnieri 27 mg/kg (p.o), for 7 days. The standard group (III) was administered water soluble root powder of Panax ginseng 100 mg/kg (p.o), while the stress control group (II) was administered distilled water for 7 days, orally.
On the 8th day, the animals were individually placed in plastic containers of capacity 350 ml. They were immobilized in their normal position, using adhesive tape. The containers were placed in a cold chamber maintained at 4oC for 2 hours. The blood was collected by orbital sinus veinpuncture method in a heparinised tube and plasma cortisol was determined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).
Statistical analysis
Data was analyzed by the application of One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Graph pad in stat software. P<0.01 was considered to be significant.
Result
Acute toxicity studies with extract revealed that LD50 Ocimum sanctum is 4.5g /kg, LD50 Withania somnifera is 1750 mg/kg, LD50 Bacopa monnieri is 17g/kg body weight (p.o). As shown in [Figure 1], the extract of Ocimum sanctum improves swim duration in mice. Mice pretreated with ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum 47 mg/kg Withania somnifera 23 mg/kg Bacopa monnieri 27 mg/kg and water soluble root powder of Panax ginseng 100mg/kg (p.o) show significant improvement in the swimming time (P<0.01), as compared to control. (n = 6 in all groups, SC vs S+O.sanctum, P<0.01; SC vs S+P.ginseng, P<0.01; One way ANOVA, P<0.01, F = 41.336). (n = 6 in all groups, SC vs S+W.somnifera, P<0.01; SC vs S+P.ginseng, P<0.01; One way ANOVA, P<0.01, F = 41.336). (n = 6 in all groups, SC vs S+B.monnieri, P<0.01; SC vs S+P.ginseng, P<0.01; One way ANOVA, P<0.01, F = 41.336).
The induction of cold restraint stress led to a rise in plasma cortisol level. All the four treatments produced a significant reduction in plasma cortisol level. The plasma cortisol level which was found to be elevated in the animals subjected to cold restraint stress was significantly reduced by all the four treatments (P<0.01), compared to controls. (n = 6 in all groups, NC vs SC, P<0.01; SC vs S+O.sanctum, P<0.01; SC vs S+P.ginseng, P<0.01; One way ANOVA, P<0.01, F = 92.616).(n = 6 in all groups, NC vs SC, P<0.01; SC vs S+W.somnifera, P<0.01; SC vs S+P.ginseng, P<0.01; One way ANOVA, P<0.01, F = 92.616). (n = 6 in all groups, NC vs SC, P<0.01; SC vs S+B.monnieri, P<0.01; SC vs S+P.ginseng, P<0.01; One way ANOVA, P<0.01, F = 92.616).
Discussion
Though the hypothalamus is traditionally considered the source of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), this neurotransmitter hormone and its receptors are also found in the gastrointestinal tract, skin, adrenal gland, testis, cardiac muscle, thymus and spleen.[11], [20], [29] These particular tissues are also involved in the development of disorders related to heightened stress sensitivity and dysregulation of stress-coping mechanisms such as anorexia, diabetes, loss of libido, heart disease and immune pathologies.[25] It is well-established that CRF is negatively regulated by cortisol and that heightened stress sensitivity and dysregulation of stress-coping mechanisms appear to involve regulatory mechanisms of CRF.[30]
It has been shown that some herbal formulas can inactivate the secretion of CRF in rats by inhibiting CRF mRNA (mitochondrial) expression. Preventing the synthesis of CRF would help ameliorate the negative effects of CRF, which would mimic the regulatory role of cortisol.[20], [1] This is, perhaps, one of the most likely mechanisms of actions of herbs having adaptogenic properties. Thus, adaptogen remedies may be mimicking cortisol, adrenaline, or possibly ACTH or CRF, in a way that does not cause the same deleterious effects in stress dysfunction cascades, yet somehow tricks the body into thinking these endogenous substances are being supplied in a normal way. This mechanism may modulate allostasis and lower allostatic overload.[25], [31]
Remedies with an adaptogenic property must attenuate or prevent the initial dysfunction of neurotransmitters and hormones by increasing resistance to stress and in addition, attenuate or prevent pathological conditions resulting from the dysfunction.[23], [32] Adaptogens increase the organisms ability to maintain both homeostasis and allostasis.[33]
In the present study we have evaluated the efficacy of Ocimum sanctum (leaves), Withania somnifera (roots), Bacopa monnieri (leaves) in the prevention of stress-induced changes during swim endurance test and cold restraint stress in mice. The standard group was administered water soluble panax root powder (Panax ginseng) orally while the control group was treated with distilled water alone. Stress is known to impare the metabolic functions of the body.[34], [30] The cold restraint stress-induced animals showed increased plasma cortisol levels. Such stress-induced biochemical impairment was attenuated by Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera, Bacopa monnieri extract treatment.[12], [14], [13], [15], [17], [18], [19], [20], [25], [26], [27], [28] In the swim endurance test also, increased swimming time was observed in mice pretreated with adaptogenic herbs. Mice pretreated with adaptogens showed significant improvement in the swimming time suggesting a central nervous system stimulant.[35], [33] Therefore, pretreatment of mice with ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctm 47 mg/kg, Withania somnifera 23 mg/kg, Bacopa monnieri 27 mg/kg p.o reduced the elevated plasma cortisol level as well as increased swim endurance in mice showing adaptogenic and anti-stress activity.[36], [30]
Conclusion
Cortisol is often referred to as the stress hormone and it is involved in the response to stress.[25] As cortisol has an immunosuppressive action, balance and systemic equilibrium of the adrenal glands can in turn, positively contribute to good metabolic rate, a strong immune system, healthy energy levels and normal sleep states.[20] Overall health, as well as the well being and optimum functioning of the adrenal glands should be addressed. Relaxation methods, as well as eating a healthy, balanced diet and exercising regularly can all be of great benefit to adrenal health and harmony.[11] Natural remedies have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years to support the solid health of the adrenal glands, helping to encourage healthy and efficient adrenal function.[4], [5], [1]
Source of Funding
None.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement
The author is thankful to the Department of Biochemistry, Patna University, Patna, for all necessary support.
References
- A Panossian, G Wikman, H Wagner. Plant adaptogens, III, Earlier and more recent aspects and concepts on their mode of action. Phytomedicine 1999. [Google Scholar]
- H Selye. Studies on Adaptation. Endocrinology 1937. [Google Scholar]
- H Selye. Adaptation Energy. Nature 1938. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- II Brekhman. . Man and Biologically Active Substances 1980. [Google Scholar]
- H Selye. A Syndrome produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents. Nature 1936. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- H Selye. Experimental evidence supporting the conception of ‘adaptation energy. Am J Physiol 1938. [Google Scholar]
- SK Bhattacharya, RK Goel, R Kaur, S Ghosal. Anti-stress activity of sitoindosides VII and VIII, new acylsterylglucosides from Withania somnifera. Phytotherapy Res 1987. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- S Ghosal, J Lal, R Srivastava, SK Bhattacharya, SN Upadhyay, AK Jaiswal. Immunomodulatory and CNS effects of sitoindosides IX and X, two new glycowithanolides from Withania somnifera. Phytotherapy Res 1989. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- S Godhwani, JL Godhwani, DS Vyas. Ocimum sanctum: an experimental study evaluating its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity in animals. J Ethnopharmacol 1987. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- S Gupta, E Aslakson, BM Gurbaxani. Inclusion of the glucocorticoid receptor in a hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis model reveals bistability. Theor Biol Med Model 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Bove, Mary. Adrenal Function, Stress and Botanical Medicine. 2003. [Google Scholar]
- SK Gupta, J Prakash, S Srivastava. Validation of traditional claim of tulsi, Ocimum sanctum Linn. as a medicinal plant. Indian J Exp Biol 2002. [Google Scholar]
- KP Bhargava, N Singh. Anti-stress activity of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Indian J Med Res 1981. [Google Scholar]
- Uma Devi, P Radioprotective. anticarcinogenic and antioxidant properties of the Indian holy basil, Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi). Indian J Exp Biol 2001. [Google Scholar]
- GV Satyavati, AK Gupta, N Tandon. Ocimum sanctum Linn. Medicinal Plants of India 1987. [Google Scholar]
- J Dhuley. Adaptogenic and Cardioprotective action of ashwagandha in rats and frogs. J Ethnopharmacol 2000. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- R Archana, A Namasivayam. Anti-stressor effect of Withania somnifera. J Ethnopharmacol 1999. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- SK Bhattacharya, RK Goel, R Kaur, S Ghosal. Anti-stress activity of sitoindosides VII and VIII, new acylsterylglucosides from Withania somnifera. Phytother Res 1987. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- SK Bhattacharya, AV Muruganandam. Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress. Biochem Behav 2003. [Google Scholar]
- NM Biswas, R Sengupta, G Roychaudhuri, A Chattopadhyay, M Sarkar. Prevention of adrenocortical hyperactivity by dietary casein in rats exposed to forced swimming stress. Indian J Exp Biol 2001. [Google Scholar]
- PJ Nathan, J Clarke, J Lloyd, CW Hutchison, L Downey, C Stough. The acute effects of an extract of B. monnieri (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy normal subjects.. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001. [Google Scholar]
- C Stough, J Lloyd, LA Downey, CW Hutchison,, T Rodgers, PJ Nathan. The chronic effects of an extract of B. monnieri (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy normal subjects.. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- N Singh, N Misra, AK Srivastava, KS Dixit, GP Gupta. Effects of anti-stress plants on biochemical changes during stress reaction. Indian J of Pharmacol 1991. [Google Scholar]
- RH Singh, L Singh. Studies on the anti-anxiety effect of the Medhya Rasayana drug, Brahmi (B. monnieri Wettst.) - Part 1. J Res Ayur Siddha 1980. [Google Scholar]
- P George, MD Chrousos, W Philip, MD Gold. The concept of stress system disorders. J Am Med Assn 1992. [Google Scholar]
- D Rai, G Bhatia, G Palit, R Pal, S Singh, HK Singh. Adaptogenic effect of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003. [Google Scholar]
- K Sairam, M Dorababu, RK Goel, SK Bhattacharya. Antidepressant activity of standardized extract of B. monnieri in experimental models of depression in rats. . Phytomedicine 2002. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- R Sharma, C Chaturvedi, PV Tiwari. Efficacy of B. monnieri in revitalizing intellectual functions in children. J Res Edu Indian Med 1987. [Google Scholar]
- K Bone. . Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs: Monographs for the Western Herbal Practitioner 1996. [Google Scholar]
- GP Chrousos. Stressors, stress, and neuroendocrine integration of the adaptive response. The 1997 Hans Selye Memorial Lecture. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998. [Google Scholar]
- H Wagner, H Norr, H Winterhoff. Plant Adaptogens. Phytomedicine 1994. [Google Scholar]
- D Yance. Adaptogens: New Conceptions and Usesersonal Insights, and Recent Advances, Centre for Natural Healing, 2000. . [Google Scholar]
- EA Carlini. Plants and the central nervous system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003. [Google Scholar]
- G Chrousos, PW Gold. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. J Am Med Assoc 1992. [Google Scholar]
- GA Carrasco, LDV De Kar. Neuroendocrine Pharmacology of stress. Eur J Pharmacol 2003. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- II Brekhman, IV Dardymov. New substances of plant origin which increase non-specific resistance. Ann Rev Pharmacol 1969. [Google Scholar]